An integrative smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for modeling cardiac function

Mathematical modeling of cardiac function can provide augmented simulation-based diagnosis tool for complementing and extending human understanding diseases which represent the most common cause worldwide death. As realistic starting-point developing an unified meshless approach total heart modeling, herein we propose integrative smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) framework addressing simulation principle aspects function, including electrophysiology, passive mechanical response electromechanical coupling. To that end, several algorithms, e.g., splitting reaction-by-reaction method combined with quasi-steady-state (QSS) solver , anisotropic SPH-diffusion discretization Lagrangian SPH formulation, are introduced exploited dealing fundamental challenges simulating namely, (i) correct capturing stiff dynamics transmembrane potential gating variables (ii) stable predicting large deformations strongly behavior myocardium, (iii) proper coupling electrophysiology tissue mechanics feedback. A set numerical examples demonstrate effectiveness robustness present framework, render it a powerful alternative augment current lines clinical applications.